Examining The Content of Elementary Persian Books Based on The Place of Hope And Its Components. A Content Analysis Type of Study

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Bo Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Boali Sania University, Hamadan, Iran

10.22034/trj.2022.62614

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to analyze the content of Persian books to be read in elementary school from the point of view of the amount of attention paid to hope and its components. The research method was descriptive and content analysis type. According to the research done and the results obtained about the important role of hope in the important dimensions of life, it was found in the investigations that Persian books of the elementary period have not been analyzed by any researcher in terms of hope and its components. It has not been analyzed and it is necessary to analyze these books from different aspects so that the planners and policy makers of the educational system can make possible revisions in the future with more peace of mind and confidence based on the results of the researches.
 With this description and with regard to the mentioned cases, the purpose of the present thesis is to analyze Persian books from the point of view of the degree of reflection of hope and hope and its components, and in order to achieve this important goal, the following questions will be asked and we will try to answer them: What are the important components of hope? How is the level of reflection of hope and its components in the Persian books of the sixth grade?
The statistical population was elementary school books, which were selected based on purposeful sampling (according to the objectives of the lessons) of Persian books to be read in the six grades at the beginning of the year 1400, which consists of 715 pages. The selection of key words, i.e. the components of hope, was based on Snyder's theory of hope, and to determine the reliability of analysts' views regarding the components of hope in the content of textbooks, the P. Scott method was used, which is known for intra-subject agreement. The rate (0.85) was obtained, which is a high coefficient. The data obtained from the analysis of the content of the components of hope have been analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics using the three stages of Shannon's entropy. The results and findings of the qualitative part of the content analysis showed that the 5 components of hope based on Snyder's theory of hope, which are emphasized in most sources and texts, are: having a goal, the power to find a way with planning (passage thinking), the power of will (active thinking), identifying obstacles to achieving the goal and the power of patience and persistence (resilience).
After collecting the necessary data and information, Shannon's entropy method, which is used in quantitative content analysis, has been used to process the results. Based on Shannon's entropy method, let's read Persian books, the six elementary grades from the point of view of 3 respondents and 5 components of hope have been classified and based on the following steps:
First step: Normalizing the frequency matrices of the table.
Second step: The information load of each category was calculated and placed in the relevant columns.
Third step: Using the information load of the components, the importance coefficient of each component is calculated, and any component that has more information load has a higher degree of importance.
And in the quantitative part of the content analysis that was done with Shannon entropy, among the 5 studied components of hope, the component of having a goal with the amount of information load of 0.7923 and the importance coefficient of 0.2009 received the most attention and the component of the power of patience and stability (resilience) with The amount of information load of 0.7940 and the importance coefficient of 0.1992 has been given the least attention. And finally, the findings of the amount of reflection of the components of hope show that this amount of attention is unevenly distributed. This means that some components have been given relatively enough attention and others have not been given much attention, and this imbalance is quite noticeable in the lessons and sections of the book and among the basic books.
According to the research done and the results obtained about the important role of hope in the important dimensions of life, it was found in the investigations that Persian books of the elementary period have not been analyzed by any researcher in terms of hope and its components. It has not been analyzed and it is necessary to analyze these books from different aspects so that the planners and policy makers of the educational system can make possible revisions in the future with more peace of mind and confidence based on the results of the researches. Bearing in mind the research results that emphasize the mutual effects of the components of hope, it is of great importance that setting important goals leads to increased motivation and this motivated motivation in turn may help to find a way out.
Although there is hope in humans from the moment of birth, it is not inherent, but acquired and learned, and this can be done through education, especially through textbooks and their content. Therefore, it is very important and fundamental to mention that textbooks and their content as an informative agent and tool can play a very important role in learning and learning hope.
Therefore, according to the contagious nature of hope, which has been pointed out by the researchers, and the fact that adults play an important role in the hopeful thinking of their children, and today's generation is able to fight tomorrow's problems by teaching and learning about hope. The important role of education and the content of textbooks are emphasized again. Based on the research results, hope is introduced as a positive psychological theme, so the text and content of books should be emphasized as an important source for teaching hope, especially during primary education. Because the words and sentences that we use in our daily life to refer to hope indicate that hope is a gift that can be created, exchanged or received in schools and classrooms during education.

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References

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Research in Teaching
Volume 10, Issue 4 - Serial Number 36
February 2023
Pages 160-143

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